Abstract

There is currently great interest in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene in the fields of nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine. The distinct architecture and features of these nanostructures include large surface area, surface functionality, and stability as nanoparticles. Aptamers are a new generation of targeted ligands with therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Their unique capabilities have focused attention on the use of aptamers as target ligands to detect cancer cells selectively, enabling personalized cancer treatment. Conjugating aptamers with CNTs or graphene has allowed innovative approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. This innovative use of nanotechnology promises hope for cancer patients with improved efficacy yet reduced toxicity. This chapter discusses the use of aptamer-conjugated CNTs or graphene to improve the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The most promising aptamer-conjugated CNTs and graphene structures in this field are also highlighted. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.